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Born on **July 17, 1939**, in **Mashhad, Iran**, Ayatollah **Seyyed Ali Khamenei** is Iran’s **longest-serving Supreme Leader**, shaping the country’s political and religious landscape for decades. Raised in a religious family, he studied Islamic theology in **Qom** under prominent scholars like **Ayatollah Khomeini**, later becoming a key figure in the **1979 Islamic Revolution**.  After the revolution, Khamenei held major roles, including **President of Iran (1981–1989)** and **Supreme Leader (since 1989)** following Khomeini’s death. A **conservative ideologue**, he oversees Iran’s **foreign policy, nuclear program, and regional influence**, often clashing with the West.  Surviving an **assassination attempt in 1981**, Khamenei remains a **controversial yet powerful leader**, advocating **Islamic governance** and **resistance against Western dominance**. Known for his **religious authority** and **political control**, his leadership continues to impact **Iran and the Middle East

The **Battle of Siffin** was a major conflict in 657 AD between **Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib** and **Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan**, marking a turning point in Islamic history. The war erupted over political and moral disputes following the assassination of the third caliph, **Uthman ibn Affan**. Muawiya, Uthman’s relative and governor of Syria, demanded justice for his death, while Ali, the newly elected caliph, sought to stabilize the fractured Muslim empire.  The two armies met near the **Euphrates River** at Siffin (modern-day Syria). After weeks of skirmishes and negotiations, a brutal battle ensued, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. When Ali’s forces gained the upper hand, Muawiya’s troops **raised Qurans on their spears**, calling for arbitration—a controversial move that split Ali’s camp. The conflict ended with a **truce and arbitration**, but it deepened divisions, leading to the rise of the **Kharijites** (a radical faction opposing both

Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, is a sacred time when Muslims worldwide observe fasting (*Sawm*) from dawn to sunset. This pillar of Islam fosters **self-discipline, spiritual growth, and empathy** for the less fortunate.  During Ramadan, believers abstain from **food, drink, and negative habits**, focusing instead on **prayer (Salat), Quran recitation, and charity (Zakat)**. The pre-dawn meal (*Suhoor*) and evening feast (*Iftar*) bring families and communities together

The **Battle of the Camel** (معركة الجمل) was one of the first major civil wars in Islamic history, fought in **656 AD near Basra, Iraq**. This conflict erupted between forces loyal to **Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib (رضي الله عنه)** and an alliance led by **Aisha (رضي الله عنها)**, the Prophet Muhammad’s widow, along with companions **Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Zubair ibn al-Awwam**. The battle’s name comes from **Aisha’s camel**, which became a focal point in the fighting.

After Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) death in **632 CE**, the **Rashidun Caliphate** began with **Abu Bakr (r. 632-634)**, followed by **Umar (r. 634-644)**, **Uthman (r. 644-656)**, and finally **Imam Ali (r. 656-661)**. The first three caliphs expanded Islam rapidly, but political tensions grew, especially during **Uthman’s rule**, leading to his assassination in **656 CE**.  Imam Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, was chosen as the **fourth caliph**, but his leadership faced immediate challenges. Many Muslims believed he was the rightful successor from the beginning, while others supported earlier caliphs. His reign was marked by civil strife, including the **Battle of the Camel (656)** and **Battle of Siffin (657)** against Muawiya, who later founded the Umayyad dynasty.  Ali’s caliphate ended with his martyrdom in **661 CE**, closing the **Rashidun era** and beginning Sunni-Shi’a divisions. His legacy remains central in Islamic history, symbolizing justice and spiritual leadersh

The Death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 632 CE marked a pivotal moment in Islamic history. With no clear successor appointed, a hasty gathering at Saqifa Bani Sa’ida led to Abu Bakr’s selection as the first Caliph. This decision, contested by supporters of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law), sparked Islam’s first major political rift. Those who believed leadership should remain within the Prophet’s family (Ahl al-Bayt) later became known as Shia, while those accepting Abu Bakr’s caliphate formed Sunni Islam. The Saqifa incident laid the foundation for enduring theological and political divisions between Sunni and Shia Muslims, shaping Islamic history forever

Ghadeer Khumm** is one of the most significant events in Islamic history, occurring on the 18th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 10 AH (632 CE). As Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was returning from his Farewell Pilgrimage, he received a divine command (Quran 5:67) to deliver a crucial message at a place called **Ghadeer Khumm**. There, before thousands of Muslims, he declared:  *"Man kuntu mawlahu fa Ali-un mawlahu"*  (*"Whoever I am his master, Ali is his master."*)  

The **Mubahala** (مباهله) was a historic event in **Islamic history** where **Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)** invited the Christian delegation from **Najran** to a mutual prayer curse to determine the truth. When theological debates about the nature of **Jesus (AS)** reached a deadlock, the **Quran (3:61)** instructed the Prophet to call for Mubahala—a solemn prayer where both sides would ask **Allah** to curse the liars.  On the day of Mubahala, the Prophet brought only his closest family: **Imam Ali (AS), Lady Fatima (SA), Imam Hasan (AS), and Imam Hussain (AS)**. Seeing their piety and sincerity, the **Christians of Najran** withdrew, refusing the challenge and instead agreeing to a peace treaty (**Jizya**). This event highlights **Islam’s emphasis on truth, faith, and divine proof**, while also showcasing the Prophet’s confidence in his message.  

In **8 AH (630 CE)**, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) achieved one of Islam’s greatest victories—the **bloodless conquest of Mecca**. After years of persecution, the Muslims marched toward Mecca with **10,000 soldiers**, but instead of revenge, the Prophet offered **forgiveness**. The Quraysh, who had once driven him out, surrendered without battle.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share Abrahamic roots but differ fundamentally. Judaism focuses on Torah laws and the covenant with Moses, awaiting the Messiah. Christianity centers on Jesus' divinity, salvation through his crucifixion, and the Trinity. Islam recognizes Jesus and Moses as prophets but affirms Muhammad as the final messenger, with the Quran as God's literal word. While all three are monotheistic, Islam rejects the Trinity and original sin. Judaism prioritizes ethnic identity and law, Christianity emphasizes faith and grace, and Islam balances faith with Sharia. Their scriptures (Tanakh, Bible, Quran), concepts of afterlife, and practices like prayer and dietary laws reveal both shared heritage and profound theological divides